ELECTRONICS MEDIA LEH MIZO THALAITE

ELECTRONICS MEDIA LEH MIZO THALAITE

Lalrinawma Sailo

Electronics Media te hian kan khawtlang nun leh kan sakhua an run mek a. Khawvel changkanna leh hmasawnnain a ken tel a nih tlat avangin kan duh emaw kan duhlo emaw Electronics Media te hi kan nitin nunah a tel tawh avangin a lo dawnsawn dan tur leh a hman dan tur inzirtir leh inkhawmhmuh hi kan ti makmawh a ni ta a. A bikin Kristian thalai te hian heng hmanrua kan hman dan ah hian kan fimkhura midangte kawhmuhtu kan nih hi a pawimawh takzet a ni.

1.       Electronics Media hi a enge a nih?

Media tih hi medium plural form a ni a,  Latin word ‘medius’ (middle) tih atanga lak a ni a, inbiak pawhna, chanchin inhriattawnna tihna a ni awm e. Media hi hlawm lian tak pahniha then a ni a, Print Media leh Electronic Media tiin an then a, Print Media hi chuan lehkhapuana khawlchhut hmanga chanchin inrihat tawnna a mawl ber atanga lehkhabu ropui tak tak thleng hian a huam a. Electronic Media hi chu khawl thil (technology) hmanga inbiakna leh inthlunzawmna a huam awm e. Electronic Media hi chuan a tinung turin kawlpetha(electric) tha chakna a mamawh a ni.[1] Electronic Media bik hi kan chhui bik tur leh tunlai khawvela kan buaipui ber an nih tak avangin kan hman tlanglawn deuh te hi sawifiah hmasa ila a tha awm e. Electronic Media hi a lamtawiin E-Media tiin an sawi thin a, kan hmang zeuh zeuh ang.

1.1. Radio: Radio hian Electronics Media dangte aia a thlen zau avang leh a thlen ran avangin vawiin thleng hian chanchin thar inhriat pawhna atana hman tangkai ber pawl a la ni reng a. Kum 1980-a Italian Scientist Gugliemo Marconi in radio transmission a hmuhchhuah atang khan tangkai taka hman tan a ni a. Indopui pakhatna hun lai vel khan sipai hoin inbiak pawh tawnna atana hmang tanin a hnuah mipuiin kan hmang chho ta a ni.[2] Kum 1920 khan hlawhtling takin Radio Programme hi England atanga tihchhuah tan a ni ta a ni. Kum 1950 chho atang khan Mizoramah pawh Radio hian bu a rawn khuar ve tan a, kum 1954 khan Mizoram pumpuiah Radio 10 vel a awm ve tawh a ni.[3]

1.2.  Television: “Television hi duhtawk neilo sakawlh, chanchinthar thehdarhna khawl, naupangte hruai sualtu, zirtirtu ropui, inpawhna thlentu, helna chawkchhuaktu leh mi chhaw bawm (idiot box)[4]” tiin Jacop Srampicakal chuan a lo sawi a. Kum 1926 ah khan John Logie Baird chuan Television hmasa ber hi London ah a lo siamchhuak tan tawh a ni.[5] Television hian ri(audio) mai bakah hlimthla(video) a tichhuah theih avangin lawm a hlawh a, mi tam tak nun a kaihruai nasa hle a ni.

Kum 1985 atangin Mizoramah television a rawn lut tan a,[6] kum 1991 ah Sky Link (Best Vision) in Cable TV rawn thlung tanin STAR TV Programme kan ei thei tan a ni.[7] Cable TV hian kan khawtlang nun leh kan sakhua thlengin min nghawng nasa hle a, vawiin thlenga kan buaipui ber pakhat a ni. Kum 1991 ah khan Mizoram pumpuiah T.V. 4114[8] chauh a awm laiin tunah chuan Aizawl khawpui chhunga chhungkua za zela 98.923% te hian T.V. an nei tawh a, Aizawl khawpui pawna chhungkua za zela 85.6% hian T.V. kan nei tawh bawk a ni.[9] Hemi awmzia chu Mizorama chhungkua zawng zawng deuh thaw hian T.V kan nei tawh tihna a ni.

1.3.  Telephone/Cellular Phone: Kar hla tak atang pawha tawngkaa kan inbiak pawhna hi “Telecomunication” tiin an sawi a.[10] Kum 1876  khan Telephone hi Alexander Graham Bell an a hmuchhuah a ni.[11] Kum 1970 khan Bells Lab. a thawk Amos Joel chuan tawng laia cell hrang hrang man kual thei “call handoff” a hmuchhuak a. Motorola Company chhul chhuak Martin Cooper an kum 1973 a khawl dang tel lova Phone hum theih a hmuhchhuah chu Mobile Phone hmasa ber nia ngaih a ni.[12]

Telecommunication System hi Mizoramah kum 1950 chho vel atang khan sawrkar hman atan bik bun tan a ni a, kum 1980 vel atangin mipuiin telephone kan hmang tan a.[13] January 31, 2004 atangin BSNL in Mobile Connection an pexchhuak tan bawk.[14] Tunah phei xchuan Airtel, Aircel, Vodafone etc. kan duh duh awlsam takin kan nei thei tawh a ni.

1.4. Internet: Mizorama Internet rawn luh tanna hi kum 1999 kuma BSNL in bul an tan ani a. A tirah chuan hun rei fe Dial-Up Connection an pe a, kum 2006 atangin Broadband an pe chhuak a, kum 2008 ah chuan High-Speed Broadband an pe chhuak thei tawh a ni.[15] Tunah chuan BSNL bakah Tata Photn leh Docomo te, Reliance 3G leh Airtel Data Card atang tein Internet kan access thei tawh a. Tunah phei chuan Mobile phone atanga awlsam taka luh theih a nih tawh avangin Internet hmang hi kan tam ta hle a, engzat chiahin nge hmang tih pawh a hriat theih tawh loh a. Hmun kilkhawr leh thingtlang zawk ah pawh facebook leh social network dangte hi a lar tawh hle a ni. BSNL Broadband ringawt pawh hi connection 4422 chuang tunah hian a awm tawh a ni.[16]

2.       Electronics Media in Min Nghawng Dan (Impact) : Electronic Media te hian a tha zawng leh a chhe zawngin min nghawng nasa hle a, Electronic Media in a nghawngchhuah te hi sawi vek sen leh hriat vek theih ni lo mahsela a tlangpui kan en dawn a ni.

2.1. A Tha Zawnga A Nghawng Chhuah (Positive Impact): Electronic Media hian mimal nunah leh khawtlang nunah tangkaina leh pawimawhna tam tak a nei a, Electronic Media avanga hmasawnna leh changkanna kan hmuh te hi chhiar sen rual a ni awm love. A tangkaina tlangpui sawi kan tum leh dawn a ni.

2.1.1. Development: E-Media te hian hmasawnna leh changkanna tam tak min thlen mek a. A bikin kum 1990 chho atanga Cable TV leh inbiak pawhna awlsam zawk kan neih te hian hmasawnna min thlen nasa hle a ni. Ram changkang zawk leh hnampui zawkte tihdan leh khawsak phung kan hmuin leh kan hre zung zung a, chu chuan nasa takin changkanna leh hmasawnna kawngah kan nun a hruia mek a ni. Kan insak dan leh a vel kan enkawl dan te, kan incheina leh hriselna kawnga hma kan lak naah te, ram enkawlna leh sawrkar kalphung ah pawh a tha zawngin inthlakthlengna (change) nasa tak kan hmu a ni. Mizoram sawrkar thuchhuahin a tarlan danin “Information Technology hi Mizorama hmasawnna leh changkanna thlentu chak ber leh changkang ber a ni” an ti hial a ni.[17]

2.1.2. Information/News: E-Media te hian thu pawimawh leh chanchinthar inhriattawnna kawngah nasa takin hma min sawn tir a.  Kum 1966-a AIR Aizawl Station[18] bun a nih hma pawh khan AIR Guwahati atanga Mizo Programme tihchhuah thin te chuan hlut a hlawh hle a. Rangoon Station te pawh man thinin Mizo te khan an hlut hle a, khawvel chanchin thar an hriatna hmanraw pawimawh ber a ni thin a ni. Radio mai piah lamah Doorsdarshan in a lem nena a chanchinthar a puan thinte leh cable TV Operator te’n Nwews an pwekxchhuak thin xchu mipui twe in nghahna bwer a ni ta a. Local News mai bakah BBC, CNN, NDTV etc te atngin khawvel chanchin thar ber ber kan hre thei tawh a. Britney Spears dam leh dam loh te, America ram inthlan te pawh a thlen laiin a nih ang angin thuthmun atangin kan lo thlir thei tawh a ni. Khawvelin Gangnam Style a buaipui rualin kan tlai tawh bik lo e.

2.1.3. Zirna (Education): E-Media te hian zirna lamah min tanpui nasa hle a. Kum 1981-a Mizoram Literacy rate chu 22.39%  chauh a nih laiin Electronics Media in min run a, khawvel hmasawn dan kan hmuh meuh chuan kum 1991 a Mizoram literacy rate chu 82.27% ah a chho dawrh a, kum 2001 chhiarpui ah phei kha chuan 88.8% a kai a ni.[19] Heng hmasawnna te hi Electronic Media in min thlen a ni tihloh rual a ni lo e. Tunlai khawvwelah chuan zirlaibu piah lamah Internet atangtein mi thiam thil ziah chhiar tur tha tak tak kan zirin kan chhiar thei tawh a, school tha leh university tha kan zawng thei tawh a, Online Application hmangin entrance kan pe zung zung thei tawh a ni. Hengte hi thalaite tan malsawmna hlu tak a ni awm e. Kan thil neih a te ber atanga a lian ber thleng hian Internet ah a chanchin chhiar zau tur a awm zel tawh a, kan hriatfiahlo pawh awlsam takin kan zawng zung zung thei tawh a, tunlai thalaite hian e-media tanpuinain thiamna ril leh thuk tak tak kan nei tawh a ni.

2.1.4. Marketing: Sumdawnna khawvelah pawh e-media hian nasa takin hmasawnna a thlen bawk a. E-commerce, online business etc. te pawh an mikhual ta lo.  A leitu (buyer) mai ni loin Internet tha chakna hmanga sumdawng te pawh kan lo awm chho ve tan ta a. Tun hnai te atang phei kha chuan Local Market tichhe khawpin Online Shopping kan buaipui ve ta a nih hi.

2.3. A Thalo Zawnga A Nghawngchuah (Negative Impact): E-Mesdia hi tiltithei tak a nih avangin a thalo zawng pawn kan nunah nghawng a nei nasa hle a, e-media in harsatna leh buaina min thlen te hi kan zirchianna kan inven loh chuan chhiatna nasa zawk min thlen turin a inpeih reng a ni. E-Media avanga thil thalo kan hmuh mekte kan sawi leh dawn a ni.

2.3.1. Kan Culture a Ei Ral Mek: E-Media thiltihtheihna hian beng a luh a, bengin a ri kan hria a, mitin a hlimthla kan hmu a, chu chuan kan rilru leh ngaihtuahna a hruaia, kan hmuh leh kan hriat ang te chu kan nun chhuahpui ta thin a ni. Television kan tih phei hi chu mizote nun hruai diklo nasa ber a ni hial awm e.[20] 1970s chhoah cinema hall/theater kan nei chho a. Cowboy film an chhuah thinte chuan thailaite mit a la a, an inchei danin an inchei a, vai film an chhuah leh a, vai film a a changtupa hak ang an ha leh sup sup a. Cable TV ten MTv leh Channel[V] an rawn chhawpchhuah hnuah phei chuan Mizo nula leh tlangval inchei dan leh sap zaithiam inchei dan a in ang reng tawh a. Kum 2004 vel atangin Korwean wave in min nuai leh a, tleirawlin kekawr bul tawite te hain sam kan tiphir ta sung mai a nih hi.

Kan incheina mai piah lamah hian kan khawtlang nun a nghawng nasa em em a. Mizo te hi a huhoa awmkhawm chi, communitarian society kan ni thin a.[21] Amaherawhchu media thiltihtheihnain min han sawp meuh chuan bai insuah a, thlaithar inthar tem thin Mizote chu min then hrang a, Individualism (midang mamawh lova mahnia awm bing na) thlarau kan chang zo ta a, kan thenawmte nen pawh kan inlen pawh tlem ta hle. Mizo te min ti mizo tu kan khawtlang nun nuam tak chu e-media te hian an eiral mek a ni.

2.3.2. Sualna a Ti Pung: Zu bak rui ngailo Mizo thalaite chuan nitina Sap ho sual ti lai kan hmuh tak avangin tih ve chakna kan thinlungah a lo piang a, ruih theih a ni tih pawh kan hriat loh thil mak pui pui ruiin kan thalaite chhawr tlak lohvin an let ta pheng phung mai. Kum 1991 hmalama Drugs avanga thi mi 35 chauh record a nih laiin Cable TV a rawn luh hnu kum 1992-2000 chhung khan Drugs  avanga thi mi 540 zet record a awm chho dawrh a, kum 2004 kan thlen meuh chuan Mizoramah Drugs ngawlvei mi 25,500 an awm der tawh a ni.[22] Chhui chianna mumal tak awmlo mah sela Ruihtheih thil a lo hluarna chhan bulpui ber pakhat chu electronics media te hi an ni ngei ang.

Cinema leh Video (VHS) te’n X-rated film (zahmawh film) min rawn hlui a, Internet kan hman hnu atang phei chuan pornography a mikhual lo leh zual a. Heng te hian thil tha min thlen tur a nei lo a, sex hmankhawlohna leh pawngsual thlengin a pung chho a. Tuai leh patil an pung nasa hle bawk. Synod Social Front in a zir chiannaah chuan mizo thalai 90% te hian Media hian sex hman dikloh kawngah min hruai ngei niin an ngai a ni.[23] Chanchinbu ah te leh NGO a thawkte sawi danin nula/tleirawl tam tak Top Up man duh avanga inzuar an awm mek bawk. Hengte pawh hi Media in a nghawngchhuah rapthlak tak a ni.

2.3.3. Sakhuana a Ti Dal: Culture leh Sakhua hi a inzawm tlat a, kan khawtlang nun a danglam rual hian kan sakhuana pawh a khawih tel zel a ni. Mizorama electronic media a rawn hluar hnu hian mizo thalai tamzawk hian Biak In ai chuan television, video leh computer hmaah hun an hmang tam zawk a ni.[24] Media te hian kan incheina, kan ngaihhlut zawng, kan sakhua leh kan thlarau nun thleng hian nghawng a nei nasa hle a ni.[25] Zoram Today (Monthly Magazine) in survey a neih naah chuan kum 2004-2006 a Hinsdi Serial lar tak Kasautii Zindagi Kay khan mi tamtak thlarau nun a tichau a, naupang thenkhatin Vai pathian biak dan an zir a, vai pathian te pawh thil tithei tak takah an rin phah hial a ni. Zan dar 8:30-9:00 chhunga zantin a chhuah avang khan Kohhran hruaitu tamtak chuan inkhawm an tlem phah niin an sawi bawk.[26] Zoram Today in mi 111 hnena zawhna an sem atanga 69% zet chuan thlarau nun aiin Kasautii kha an lo dah pawimawh zawk reng mai![27]

Tunhnaiah phei chuan Korean Serial, mizo tawng lehlin entur tam tak a awm tawh a,  dawi thiltihtheihna lampang film te, indo leh insual lam pang film te pawh mizo tawng lehlin tam tak a awm tawh a, hengte hian kan sakhuana a tidal mek a ni. Biakin chhung atangin SMS in text tenawm tak tak kan thawnchhuak hreh tawhlo a, thusawi ngaihthlak aiin facebook a post, comment, like-in thalai tamtak chuan inkhawm hunchhung kan tlingtla tawh a nih hi.

2.3.4. Hun leh Pawisa Senralna A Ni: Mizoram Synod Social Front in survey a neihnaa a lan danin an zawhna chhangtu zawng zawngte’n nitin darkar khat aia tam T.V. en nan an hmang a, chhangtu tam zawkin darkar khat aia tam mobile phone khawih nan an hmang bawk. Chu chuan mut hun leh thawh hun a tibuai a, hnathawhna leh zirnaa hun hman dan a tibuai a ni.[28] Zoram Today survey zawhna chhangtu 30.83% zet chuan Electronic Media te hian kan hun hlu tak min chhuhsak niin an ngai.[29]

Hun kan khawhral mai piah lamah hian E-Media avanga kan sum senral hi a tam hle a, kum 2008 a Zoram Today in a chhut dan chuan mobile phone bill atan ringawta Mizoramin kum khata sum kan senral hi Rs. 89,28,00,000/- vel niin a chhut a,[30] tunah phei chuan heng ai hian a tam tawh hle ang. T.V.bill, Internet bill leh thildanga kan sum senral zawng zawngte ngaihtuah phei chuan kan economy ngaihtuahin zahthlak khawpa tam kan sengral ngei ang.

3. Inven Fimkhur A Ngai: Electronic Media hnathawh leh a nghawng chhuah hrang hrang kan hre ta a, a hmang tam bertu leh a nghawng nat ber thalai te hian kan hman thiam a pawimawh hle mai. Ram changkang zawk te zingah pawh he harsatna hi an tawk nasa hle a. Movies a indo leh insual, ruk ruk an en thin te leh, Computer Games a an khelh thinte chuan an rawlthar leh thalaite rilru a chawk tho a, thisen chhuah chakna leh pawi khawih chakna a siam nasa hle niin helama research bei te chuan an sawi a. An en ang hi kan en ve vek tawh a, an games khelh ang hi kan khel ve vek tawh a, an nundan thalo kan zir tan mek a,kan thisen a tilum mek, kan inven loh chuan chhiatna nasa zawk thleng thei reng a ni tawh a ni. Mizorama Facebook group hrang hrangah Pathian Awm Ringlo (Atheist Group) te hial an awm tawh a,zirtirna mak pui pui leh ril tak tak an thehdarh mek a, zuitu pawh an ngah tawh hle a ni. Mizo saruak hlimthla te pho langin hengte hian lawm an hlawh hle bawk a ni.

SMS leh MMS, Whatsapp etc. hmangtein text zahmawh tak tak leh thlalak sexy tak tak kan inthawnkual a, mizo ngei sex hmanglai video pawh za chuang fe a awm der tawh mai. Hengah hian Thalai Kristian Pawl member-te pawh kan fihlim lova, a pawi a ni tih hrelo pawh kan awm nual awm e. Kan inven a, kan fimkhur loh chuan thil ho tak leh fiamthu ang leka kan ngaihte hi kan khawtlang nun leh sakhua eiral tu tur an ni.

4. Engtin Nge Kan Hman Ang?: Electronic Media te hi a thatlohna ringawt inzirtir hi a tawk lova, a hman tangkai dan tur kan inhrilhhriat a pawimawh hle mai. Helam kawnga lehkhabu ziak chhiar tur a la tamlo hle a, theih anga in zirtir erawh kan tum dawn a ni.

4.1. Evangelism: Thalaite'n kan ngaihhlut leh kan ngaihsan, kan nun khalhtu lian tak hi rawngbawlna atan kan hman thiam chuan thil tangkai tak a ni thei a ni. Website leh social network site (facebook, twitter,whatsapp etc.) leh chat atangte hian Pathian thu kan thehdarh thei a, mi kan kawm thei a, counselling kan pe thei a. Kohhran thuthar leh rawngbawlna inhrilhhriatna awlsam leh rang tak, tangkai tak a ni thei bawk.

Hmaichhana kan sawi ngamloh tam tak hi phone, sms leh internet kal tlanga kan phawrh ngam avangin mite'n heng hmang hian an harsatna tak tak an phawrh ngam a, mite tanpuina hmanrua tha tak a ni.

4.2. Culture Chawisanna: Korean ho chuan an serial leh zai (k-pop) hmangin khawvel an run mek a. Keini thleng pawhin an incheina leh nungchang kan lo copy tawh a. Khawthlang (western country) lamah pawh kua an hreuh mek a, an kimchi leh kimbab te pawh khawvela chaw (food) lar tak an ni chho mek a. July 15 an PSY hla release Gangnam Style chuan youtube a video like tu ngah ber world record a siam mek a, tunah phei chuan a limit a thlen tawh avangin youtube lam pawhin an limit siam an tihsan phah hial a ni.

Mizo thalai te hian kan culture kalsana mi tihdan copy nan chauh hmang lova mizo thilsiam mawi tak tak leh culture ropui takte kan phochhuah ve a hun ta. Kan kut themthiamna te hi khawvel mit hmuah a zahpui awm loh a, phochhuak ngat ila chuan designer ropui tak takte hahawlh tur hi kan puanzeh ah te hian a inphum ru teuh ang.

4.3. Hmasawnna leh Thiamna: A hmaa kan sawi tawh angin Electonic Media te hian hmasawnna leh zirna kawngah tangkaina tam tak an nei a. Khawvel inlumlet zawng zawng kan hmuh a kan hriat theih tawh avangin zir tur tam tak a awm a ni. Internet atanga mi thuziak tha tak takte hi kan zirna kawnga min puitu leh hriatna hnar atana kan sawrchhuah thiam phawt chuan lakchhuah sen loh finnain a khat a, thil ho mai mai atana hun leh sum khawhral lova kan hman tangkai thiam chuan man tlawm takin thil tha tak kan nei thei dawn a ni. T.V. ah pawh news channel bakah channel tha tak tak, hriatna leh zirna kawnga min pui thei tur tam tak a awm a ni.

5. Tlangkawmna: Thalai kan tih hian kum 15-50 vel huam tir ta ila, chungte nunah chuan heng Electronics Media kan tihte hian kua an hreuh thuk hle a, a bikin Facebook leh Whatsapp te phei chu tunlaia chanchinthar leh chanchinchhia thehdarhna hmanrua chak ber pawl a ni hial awm e. Cable TV leh Chanchinbu lamin chanchinthar an thehdarh hmain facebook leh whatsapp lam atangin kan lo hriat khalh hman zel tawh a, chutih rual chuan heng hmanrua hmang hian thil tahlo tak tak pawh kan inhlan chhawng zung zung tawh a ni. Mizo thalai te zingah hian Internet a nungchangmawi (nettiquette) hre lo tak tak te, Cyber Acts. leh crime emaw IT Acts. in a heng media hmangtute a phuar dan hre muamal lo a, zalen taka hmang kan tam hle mai. Tumahin an hrelo che emaw I tih lai khan Electronics Media hmanga I thiltih tamtak kha chhuichhuah theih a ni a, fake account leh number te hmang thin mahla I hmanna hun leh hmun te leh I biakte nen lama log vek a nih avangin awlsam taka chhuichhuah theih a ni. Electronics Media te hi duhloha dan tum chi an ni tawhlo a, a hman dan kan thiam a, hman tangkai kan tum erawh a ngaiin kan mawhphurhna theuh a ni.

Sawiho tur :

1. Electronics Media (T.V., Mobilephone, Internet etc.) te hi a tha zawngin nge a thalo zawngin kan hmang tam zawk nia kan hriat?
2. Tun aia tangkai hian Electronics Media te hi engtin nge kan hman ang? Rawngbawlna atan hman tangkai dan tur engtenge awm thei?

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[1] Raja and Prabhakar,  Introduction to Communication and Media Studies (Bangalore:

BTESSC/SATHRI, 2006), 115.

[2] Raja and Prabhakar,  Introduction to Communication and Media Studies...

1157.

[3] Dr. Thangluaia, “Zirah Tlailuat A Awm Lo,”  Abacus 3  (July-September, 2008), 50.

[4] Jacop Srampicakal,  Communication and Media in India Today (Delhi: Media House

Puplications, 1998), 167.

[5] Raja and Prabhakar,  Introduction to Communication and Media …117.

[6] Lalrammawia Ngente,  Khawvel Nghawrnghingtu Television (Aizawl: KTP, Ramhlun Venglai

Branch, 1994), 223.

[7] Lalrammawia,  Khawvel Nghawrnghingtu…,  224ff.

[8] H.C. Vankairinga, Zoram Nghahfak Thalai Huaisen (Aizawl: Mualchin Publication & Paper Works, 2005), 119.

[9] Mizoram Synod Social Front, Media In A Thalo Zawnga Nun A Kaihhruai Dan Zirchianna Leh A Hmachawn Dan Tur. For Private Circulation Only (Mizoram Presbyterian Church, 2010), 4.

[10] Arvind Singhal and Everett M. Rogers, India’s Communication Revolution. From Bullock Cart

to Cyber Mart  (New Delhi: Sage Publication, 2001), 184.

[11] Raja and Prabhakar,  Introduction to Communication and Media Studies…390. Raja and Prabhakar,  Introduction to Communication and Media Studies…390.

[12] “History of Mobile Phone,”  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones (22

November, 2010)

[13] Interview with PC Lalhrangi Sinior TOA, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Mizoram SSA, Aizawl , 15 January 2011.

[14] C. Lalhmachhuana, “Media leh IT,” in Kristian Chhungkaw Robawm (Aizawl: Mizoram Kohhran Hmeiche Inkhawmpui Lian, 2009), 49.

[15] Lalnuntlinga, “Media Thiltihtheihna,”…, 119.

[16] Interview with Mr. J.Lalthanhawla, JTO (Internet), BSNL, Mizoram SSA, Aizawl, 8 February,

2011.

[17] Government of Mizoram, Information Technology Policy. Cabinet Decision no. 13 (Controller of Printing & Stationery), 2001.

[18] “Media in Mizoram,” http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/index.php?_ption=com_content&task

=view&id=36&Itemid=49 (25 Jan 2011).

[19] Lalramliana, Mizo Darthlalang. Mizo Chu Tute Nge? (Aizawl: J.P. Offset Printers, 2004), 57.

[20] C. Lalnuntlinga, “Media Thiltihtheihna,” in Kristianna leh Tunlai Khawel (Aizawl: Christian Media Society, 2008), 108.

[21] K. Thanzuva, Theology of Community. Tribal Theology in The Making (Aizawl: Mizo Theological Conference, 1997), 107.

[22] C. Lalramchhana, “Drug Abuse in Mizoram: The Ecclesiological Response from Communication Perspective” (Unpublished M.Th Integrated Seminar Paper, U.T.C, Bangalore, 2005).

[23] Mizoram Synod Social Front, Media In A Thalo Zawnga Nun A Kaihhruai Dan Zirchianna Leh A Hmachawn Dan Tur. For Private Circulation Only (Mizoram Presbyterian Church, 2010), 127.

[24] Vankairinga, Zoram Nghahfak Thalai Huaisen…, 120.

[25] Lalnuntlinga, “Media Thiltihtheihna,”…, 120.

[26] “Kasautii leh A Nghawng,” Zoram Today 1/4 (22^nd April, 2006): 6-7.

[27] “Kasautii leh A Nghawng,”…, 6-7.

[28] Mizoram Synod Social Front, Media In A Thalo Zawnga Nun A Kaihhruai Dan …4.

[29] Impact Team, “Thalaite Khawvel,” Zoram Today 11/01 (March 26-31, 2007 ): 17.

[30] “Mobile Phone Leh A Nghawng,” Zoram Today (23-28 June, 2008): 12.